In an arid world containing too few goes of gin and too many policemen, a world in which the poor were oppressed and could seldom even enjoy a quiet cigar without having their fingers trodden upon, he found himself for the moment contented, happy, and expectant. Not for many a day had he so enjoyed himself. "And what can I do for you?"The smoker spat appreciatively at a passing dog. The armies were fully evacuated by the end of January 1916.Here I am agreed George affably. Hamilton was replaced near the end of 1915 by Charles Monro, who recommended that the Allies abandon the operation. For the remainder of the year, Allied forces, including large contingents from Australia and New Zealand, were effectively held at the beaches where they had landed, hampered by cautious and ineffective leadership from their British commander, Sir Ian Hamilton. The Allied landing on Gallipoli, which took place on April 25, 1915, met with a fierce Turkish defense inspired by Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), who was the future president of Turkey and later known as Ataturk, and directed skillfully by the German commander Otto Liman von Sanders. Gallipoli Campaign: April 1915-January 1916
Though Churchill argued for the attack to be renewed the next day, claiming, erroneously as it turned out, that the Turks were running low on munitions, the Allied war command opted to delay the naval attack at the Dardanelles and combine it with a ground invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula, which bordered the northern side of the strait. With half the fleet out of commission, the remaining ships were pulled back. Finally, as British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey put it, the approach of such a powerful Allied fleet toward the heart of the Ottoman Empire might provoke a coup d’état in Constantinople, leading Turkey to abandon the Central Powers and return to its earlier neutrality. The Allies were also competing with the Central Powers for support in the Balkans, and the British hoped that a victory against Turkey would persuade one or all of the neutral states of Greece, Bulgaria and Romania to join the war on the Allied side. The stakes for both sides were high: British control over the strait would mean a direct line to the Russian navy in the Black Sea, enabling the supply of munitions to Russian forces in the east and facilitating cooperation between the two sides. Dardanelles Campaign: BackgroundĪs the only waterway between the Black Sea in the east and the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Dardanelles was a much-contested area from the beginning of World War I. The failure of the campaign at the Dardanelles, along with the campaign that followed later that year in Gallipoli, resulted in heavy casualties and was a serious blow to the reputation of the Allied war command, including that of Winston Churchill, the British first lord of the admiralty, who had long been a proponent of an aggressive naval assault against Turkey at the Dardanelles.
In March 1915, during World War I (1914-18), British and French forces launched an ill-fated naval attack on Turkish forces in the Dardanelles in northwestern Turkey, hoping to take control of the strategically vital strait separating Europe from Asia.
Dardanelles and Gallipoli Campaigns: Casualties.Gallipoli Campaign: April 1915-January 1916.
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